Memory Systems and Methods for Dynamically Phase Adjusting A Write Strobe and Data To Account for Receive-Clock Drift

ABSTRACT

A memory system includes a memory controller that writes data to and reads data from a memory device. A write data strobe accompanying the write data indicates to the memory device when the write data is valid, whereas a read strobe accompanying data from the memory device indicates to the memory controller when the read data is valid. The memory controller adaptively controls the phase of the write strobe to compensate for timing drift at the memory device. The memory controller uses the read strobe as a measure of the drift.

FIELD

The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to circuits for communicating data between integrated circuits, and in particular to circuits and associated methods for phase shifting data and strobe signals to accommodate drift in a clock signal.

BACKGROUND

SDRAM, or synchronous dynamic random access memory, is a type of memory integrated circuit that waits for rising or falling edges of a timing reference signal before responding to control inputs. Typical examples of timing reference signals include clock signals and strobe signals. DDR SDRAM, or double-data-rate SDRAM, achieves greater bandwidth than ordinary SDRAM by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of timing reference signals.

Many DDR SDRAMs that produce data also produce a data strobe, called “DQS” (“data query strobe”), to indicate that data is valid. The DQS is transmitted, along with data, from the memory controller to the DDR SDRAM during write operations and from the DDR SDRAM from the memory controller during read operations. When driven by the memory controller, DQS is center-aligned with the write data. When driven by the memory, DQS is edge-aligned with the read data.

The timing for write operations is often defined in a specification. For example, in at least some DDR SDRAM specifications, the time t_(DQss) between a write command and the first corresponding rising edge of DQS is specified with a relatively wide range (from 75% to 125% of one clock cycle). The time t_(DQss) might be described as a window during which the specified DDR SDRAM “looks for” data on a data bus. Devices issuing a write command to such a DDR SDRAM are expected to drive DQS in such a way that the signal arrives at the DRAM pins at a clock edge, plus or minus 25% of one clock cycle.

Designing a memory controller that provides the write DQS within a timing window t_(DQss) can be complicated by the fact that the memory controller is desired to operate in many different system topologies. For example, relatively short, lightly loaded channels may lead a DQS to arrive too early; whereas relatively long, highly loaded channels may lead a DQS to arrive too late. In either case, the early or late DQS may violate the specification requirement for the timing window t_(DQss), and potentially lead to an error. Other system variations, such as those that result from process variations and temperature and supply-voltage fluctuations, also affect signal propagation delays and therefore further complicate the task of maintaining the relative timing of the DQS and the write signal within the requisite window.

Meeting the DQS timing window t_(DQss) can be particularly daunting if the memory device does not include clock recovery circuitry to stabilize the device-side clock signal used to time the write signal. DDR DRAMs adapted for use in mobile devices often lack clock-recovery circuitry, which advantageously reduces standby power and standby-active transition latency. Unfortunately, these benefits come at the cost of increased write signal drift, leading to an increased probability of violating the t_(DQss) timing parameter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter disclosed is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a memory system 100, including a memory controller 105 and at least one memory device 110.

FIG. 2 depicts a flowchart 200 illustrating a process of calibrating and adaptively adjusting memory controller 105 in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of memory system 100 of FIG. 1 in more detail, like-identified elements being the same or similar.

FIG. 4 depicts embodiments of delay circuit 486 and skip circuit 488, which may be used to implement the delay circuit 186 and skip circuit 188 of FIGS. 1 and 3.

FIG. 5 is a timing diagram 500 illustrating operation of skip circuit 488 and delay circuit 486 of FIG. 4 for the case in which D1yC[2:0] is 010 and D1yF[1:0] is 01.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 depicts a memory system 100, including a memory controller 105 and at least one memory device 110. In accordance with the depicted embodiment, memory controller 105 adaptively controls the timing of the write DQS to compensate for timing drift of write signals within memory device 110, and therefore to prevent violations of the t_(DQss) timing window. Read DQS signals from memory device 110 provide a measure of write-signal timing. Memory controller 105 monitors the phase of read DQS signals to sense and correct for write-signal drift.

Memory controller 105 includes control logic 115 that issues address and control signals to a command interface 120, conveys byte-wide transmit-data signals TD to a variable-delay write circuit 125, and receives byte-wide receive-data signals RD from a variable delay read circuit 130. A distributed clock signal PC1k defines the clock domain for control logic 115, interface 120, and portions of variable-delay write and read circuits 125 and 130. Respective write and read phase-reference signals PC1kWc and PC1kRc, each a phase shifted version of clock signal PC1k in this embodiment, respectively define the write and read clock domains.

Memory device 110, a strobed DDR DRAM in this example, includes a clock distribution network 140, a command decoder 145, a write circuit 150, and a read circuit 155, all of which communicate with a DRAM core 160. Memory device 110 additionally includes a plurality of pads 165 coupled to corresponding pads 135 of controller 105. In this example, one of pads 135 is a shared strobe terminal that both conveys the write strobe to and receives the read strobe from memory device 110, and data lines DQ share collections of pads 135 to transmit and receive data. Separate unidirectional data lines or separate strobe lines can be used for transmit and receive operations in other embodiments.

Clock signal PC1k from control logic 115 times both the memory controller and the memory device. The clock path between memory controller 105 and the various components of memory device 110, including clock distribution network 140, impose a clock delay, so the device-side clock domain is defined by a distributed clock signal Ckb that may not be phase aligned with controller-side clock signal PC1k. Including a clock-recovery circuit in network 140 can ameliorate this phase misalignment; however, clock recovery circuitry consumes standby power and increases the time required to activate the memory device, and is therefore undesirable for some applications.

To perform a write operation, control logic 115 issues the appropriate address and control signals to command interface 120. The following discussion is limited to write command WCa for ease of illustration, as the remaining address and control signals will be readily understood by those of skill in the art. Command interface 120 includes a synchronous storage element 170 that times write command WCa to clock signal PC1k. The resulting signal WCac is then conveyed to command decoder 145 as signal WCad. (The present disclosure employs a naming convention in which signals ending with a lower-case “c” are control-side signals, and signals ending in a lower-case “d” are memory-device-side signals. This naming convention recognizes that signals communicated between memory controller 105 and memory device 110 shift in phase.) Synchronous storage element 175 within command decoder 145 retimes control signal WCad to the device-side time domain defined by signal Ckb to create a write signal Write to core 160.

During a write operation, variable-delay write circuit 125 issues, on a write-strobe terminal DQSWc, a like-named, center-aligned write strobe with write data DQ to memory device 110. (In general, signals and their associated nodes carry the same designations. Whether a given moniker refers to a signal or a corresponding node will be clear from the context.) The timing of the data and strobe signals is based upon a clock signal PC1kWc, a delayed version of clock signal PC1k. As detailed below, the delay imposed upon clock signal PC1kWc is set to ensure system 100 meets the t_(DQss) requirement imposed by the DDR SDRAM specification.

At memory device 110, write circuit 150 captures the write data DQ from memory controller 105 using a strobe DQSWd, a delayed version of DQSWc, and retimes the captured data to the memory-device clock domain as data WRD. As noted previously, per the t_(DQss) specification the time between the write command Write and the first corresponding rising edge of DQS is specified as from 75% to 125% of one clock cycle. In memory device 110, this timing window t_(DQss) corresponds to the phase difference between the strobe DQSWd and the edge of clock signal Ckb that accompanies write command Write.

During a read operation, read circuit 155 issues a read data strobe DQSRd edge-aligned with data DQ to memory controller 105. Variable-delay read circuit 130 then captures the read data DQ using a clock signal PC1kRc phase aligned with a delayed version of read strobe DQSRd, controller-side read strobe DQSRc. Variable-delay read circuit 130 then retimes the captured data to the controller clock domain PC1k as data RD. A phase comparator 180 maintains the alignment between clock signal PC1kRc and read strobe DQSRc by occasionally comparing the phases of these two signals and phase adjusting clock signal PC1kRc as needed to reduce any phase difference. In this embodiment, comparator 180 uses a control signal Inc/Dec to adjust the signal-propagation delay through a delay circuit 182 to phase adjust clock signal PC1kRc. Control signal Inc/Dec is also used in this embodiment to advance or retard the write clock domain defined by clock signal PC1kWc.

In variable-delay write circuit 125, a skip circuit 188 samples data signals TD from control logic 115 using clock signal PC1k and retimes the captured data to clock signal PC1kWc, a delayed version of clock signal PC1k. The delay imposed by delay circuit 186 is set to optimize the timing of controller-side strobe DQSWc, and thus the device-side strobe DQSWd, to maintain the delay between the strobe DQSWd and the edge of clock signal Ckb that accompanies write command Write within the specified t_(DQss) window.

FIG. 2 depicts a flowchart 200 illustrating a process of calibrating and adaptively adjusting memory controller 105 in accordance with one embodiment. In a calibration process 205 that may be performed at initialization or another time, memory controller 105 initiates a series of dummy write operations 210 to memory device 110, each write operation using different delayed versions of a write data signal. In this step, memory controller 105 may write pre-specified data bytes to memory device 110, independent of any data needs of components of the memory system or other higher layer machine-readable code; these writes may be performed at power-up, or other intervals in which the memory component was otherwise not being utilized.

Following completion of the dummy write operations 210, controller 105 reads the data of all dummy write operations from memory device 110 (step 215) and compares the read data with a copy of the originally written data to identify successful write operations (step 220). Timing information corresponding to the successful dummy write operations allows for identification of the particular delayed write data signal providing the best timing margin (step 225). The logic values that identify the delayed write data signal providing the best timing margin may then be programmed into one or both of delay circuits 182 and 186 (step 227).

Delay adaptation 230 follows calibration 205 to accommodate phase drift that occurs over time due to e.g. temperature and supply-voltage fluctuations. Per decision 235, phase comparator 180 in controller 105 occasionally compares read strobe DQSRc with clock signal PC1kRc during read operations. If these two signals are out of phase, comparator 180 adjusts delay circuit 182 as needed to maintain synchronization between the two signals (step 240). In some embodiments, delay circuit 182 can be calibrated to introduce a phase offset (e.g., 90 degrees) that is adaptively maintained.

In embodiments where the adjustment is dynamic, a minimum read command density or rate may be needed. In particular, because the adjustment only occurs when read data is received by memory controller 105, excessive timing drift may occur if read commands are issued infrequently. In some embodiments, therefore, control logic 115 may issue one or more supplemental read commands to the memory device 110 if a time interval since a last read command exceeds a predetermined value.

Turning to variable-delay write circuit 125, delay circuit 186 is set at initialization to maintain the t_(DQss) parameter within the specified window as discussed above. Once set, however, the t_(DQss) window can vary with temperature and supply voltage fluctuations. Clock distribution network 140, a primary contributor to such variations, allows clock signal Ckb to drift with respect to write strobe DQSWd. Storage element 175 synchronizes the Write command to clock signal Ckb, so the Write command likewise drifts with respect to write strobe DQSWd. If substantial, such drift can cause memory system 100 to violate the required t_(DQss) window.

Recall that time t_(DQss) is the time between the strobe DQSWd and the edge of clock signal Ckb that accompanies write command Write. Because the write command Write is timed to clock signal Ckb, clock signal Ckb provides a measure of write-signal drift. Read strobe signal RQSRd is also timed to clock signal Ckb, and is therefore also a measure of write-signal drift. In other words, both write command Write and read strobe RQSRd are timed to clock signal Ckb, and therefore drift together with clock signal Ckb. Memory controller takes advantage of this relationship by altering the phase of write strobe DQSWc to account for drift in the read strobe signal RQSRd, and thus to account for drift in clock signal Ckb that might otherwise induce a violation in the specified t_(DQss) window.

Comparator 180 issues control signals Inc/Dec to delay circuit 182 to maintain phase alignment between clock signal PC1kRc and the receive strobe DQSRc. These phase adjustments accommodate phase changes in receive strobe DQSRc that are induced by changes in the phase of clock signal Ckb, and are consequently similar in magnitude to the phase changes experienced by write command Write. Control signals Inc/Dec are also conveyed to delay circuit 186 within variable-delay write circuit 125 to adjust clock signal PC1kWc by the same phase change imposed by delay circuit 182 to accommodate changes in strobe DQSRc. Write strobe DQSWc is timed to clock signal PC1kWc, and so is likewise phase adjusted to accommodate drift in the receive strobe DQSRc, and thus the similar drift in write signal Write.

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of memory system 100 of FIG. 1 in more detail, like-identified elements being the same or similar. In addition to delay 186 and skip circuit 188 of FIG. 1, variable-delay write circuit 125 includes input registers 302 and 304 timed to clock domain PC1k, output registers 306, 308, and 310 timed to the PC1kWc domain, a strobe-pattern generator 312, a multiplexer 314, and a pair of output buffers 316 and 318. Registers 302 and 304 capture transmit-enable signal Ten and eight-bit-wide data TD, respectively, upon rising edges of clock signal PC1k. Skip circuit 188 retimes the outputs of registers 302 and 304 to the PC1kWc domain and provides the retimed transmit-enable signal TenF to register 306 and four-bits of data TD to each of registers 308 and 310 for capture by respective rising and falling edges of clock signal PC1k. Multiplexer 314 then alternately transmits the contents of registers 308 and 310 via driver 318 to memory device 110. Each time multiplexer 314 issues a burst of parallel data bits, pattern generator 312 transmits a write-strobe pattern (e.g., 1010) DQSWc to accompany the data to memory device 110. Both the transmitted strobe DQSWc and the write data DQ are timed to PC1kWc, the phase of which can be adjusted relative to clock signal PC1k by asserting a load signal Ldt to capture an applied transmit phase-adjustment signal Tpht.

Variable-delay read circuit 130 may function in substantially the same manner as variable-delay write circuit 125, so a detailed discussion of variable-delay read circuit 130 is omitted for brevity. In summary, variable-delay read circuit 130 transfers read data DQ from clock domain PC1kRc to clock domain PC1k in the presence of an asserted receive-enable signal Ren. An AND gate 320 issues an enable signal EN that allows comparator 180 to update the delay calibration for delay elements 182 and 186 in the presence of a version of the read-enable signal, Renc, retimed into the PC1kRc clock domain. The timing of clock signal PC1kRc can be adjusted by asserting a load signal Ldr to capture an applied receive phase-adjustment signal Tphr.

In an alternative embodiment (not shown), variable-delay read circuit 130 may include a FIFO block for receiving the read data, with the output of gate 320 causing the read data to be loaded into the FIFO. The read data may then be unloaded from the FIFO as receive-data signals RD. Though clock signal PC1kRc is not used to sample read data in this alternative embodiment, comparator 180 and delay element 182 may still be included for updating the write delay.

FIG. 4 depicts embodiments of delay circuit 486 and skip circuit 488, which may be used as delay circuit 186 and skip circuit 188 of FIGS. 1 and 3. For simplicity, the discussion of skip circuit 488 is limited to the phase shifting of transmit-enable signal Ten: variable-delay write circuit 125 similarly retimes other signals between the PC1k and PC1kWc domains.

Delay circuit 486 includes an offset clock generator 405, a multiplexer 410, and an n-bit counter 415. Skip circuit 488 includes collections of latches 420 and 425 and a pair of multiplexers 430 and 435. Register 306 from FIG. 3 is also included in FIG. 4 to show how the respective outputs TenF and PC1kWc of skip circuit 488 and delay circuit 486 may be used to produce a transmit enable signal TenFc retimed to the PC1kWc domain.

Counter 415, a 5-bit counter in the depicted embodiment, is loaded with a calibrating value at initialization, as detailed above in connection with FIG. 2. The five bits loaded into counter 405 are presented on its output as course delay bits D1yC[2:0] and fine delay bits D1yF[1:0]. These delay signals together determine the delays imposed on the transmit-enable signal Ten and clock signal PC1k to obtain the adjusted enable signal TenFc and write clock signal PC1kWc. These signals can then be phase adjusted as needed by incrementing or decrementing counter 415 as described above in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 5 is a timing diagram 500 illustrating operation of skip circuit 488 and delay circuit 486 of FIG. 4 for the case in which D1yC[2:0] is 010 and D1yF[1:0] is 01. D1yC[2:0] is coupled to the select port of multiplexer 430, and causes multiplexer 430 to select its #2 (01) input to provide output signal TenC, a version of transmit enable signal Ten delayed by three clock cycles via latches 420. Signal TenC can thus be delayed in increments of one PC1k cycle by appropriate selection of D1yC[2:0] values. Latches 425 then present the coarsely adjusted enable signal TenC to the inputs of multiplexer 435 on both the rising and falling edges of clock signal PC1k. Because D1yF[1] is a zero in this example, multiplexer 435 selects the output of the one of latches 425 with an inverted clock input. The output TenF from multiplexer 435 therefore takes the value of TenC following the next falling edge of clock signal PC1k.

Offset clock generator 405 provides four clock signals PC1k00, PC1k01, PC1k10, and PC1k11 having different phase offsets relative to the clock signal PC1k. PC1k00, PC1k01, PC1k10, and PC1k11 are delayed with respect to the PC1k signal by 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 clock cycles, respectively. Multiplexer 410 then selects one of these four clock signals based upon the value of fine delay signal D1yF[1:0] to produce the phase-shifted write clock signal PC1kWc. D1yF[1:0] is 01 in the present example, so multiplexer 410 outputs signal PC1k01 as write clock signal PC1kWc. Register 306 captures the adjusted transmit-enable signal TenF on the rising edge of clock signal PC1kWc to produce the final transmit enable signal TenFc phase adjusted by 0.25 clock cycles into the PC1kWc domain. TenFc and PC1kWc can be similarly phase adjusted 0, 0.5, and 0.75 by setting fine delay signal D1yF[1:0] to 00, 10, and 11, respectively.

In the foregoing description and in the accompanying drawings, specific terminology and drawing symbols are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. In some instances, the terminology and symbols may imply specific details that are not required to practice the invention. For example, the interconnection between circuit elements or circuit blocks may be shown or described as multi-conductor or single conductor signal lines. Each of the multi-conductor signal lines may alternatively be single-conductor signal lines, and each of the single-conductor signal lines may alternatively be multi-conductor signal lines. Signals and signaling paths shown or described as being single-ended may also be differential, and vice-versa. Similarly, signals described or depicted as having active-high or active-low logic levels may have opposite logic levels in alternative embodiments. As another example, circuits described or depicted as including metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors may alternatively be implemented using bipolar technology or any other technology in which a signal-controlled current flow may be achieved. With respect to terminology, a signal is said to be “asserted” when the signal is driven to a low or high logic state (or charged to a high logic state or discharged to a low logic state) to indicate a particular condition. Conversely, a signal is said to be “de-asserted” to indicate that the signal is driven (or charged or discharged) to a state other than the asserted state (including a high or low logic state, or the floating state that may occur when the signal driving circuit is transitioned to a high impedance condition, such as an open drain or open collector condition). A signal driving circuit is said to “output” a signal to a signal receiving circuit when the signal driving circuit asserts (or de-asserts, if explicitly stated or indicated by context) the signal on a signal line coupled between the signal driving and signal receiving circuits.

An output of a process for designing an integrated circuit, or a portion of an integrated circuit, comprising one or more of the circuits described herein may be a computer-readable medium such as, for example, a magnetic tape or an optical or magnetic disk. The computer-readable medium may be encoded with data structures or other information describing circuitry that may be physically instantiated as an integrated circuit or portion of an integrated circuit. Although various formats may be used for such encoding, these data structures are commonly written in Caltech Intermediate Format (CIF), Calma GDS II Stream Format (GDSII), or Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF). Those of skill in the art of integrated circuit design can develop such data structures from schematic diagrams of the type detailed above and the corresponding descriptions and encode the data structures on computer readable medium. Those of skill in the art of integrated circuit fabrication can use such encoded data to fabricate integrated circuits comprising one or more of the circuits described herein.

While the present invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments, variations of these embodiments will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the skip and delay circuitry disclosed herein are examples, but are not limiting. Many other circuits and methods for crossing clock domains are well known to those of skill in the art. Embodiments of the invention may be adapted for use with multi-pulse-amplitude-modulated (multi-PAM) signals. Moreover, some components are shown directly connected to one another while others are shown connected via intermediate components. In each instance the method of interconnection, or “coupling,” establishes some desired electrical communication between two or more circuit nodes, or terminals. Such coupling may often be accomplished using a number of circuit configurations, as will be understood by those of skill in the art. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the foregoing description. Only those claims specifically reciting “means for” or “step for” should be construed in the manner required under the sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. §112 . 

1. A memory controller to control a memory device, the memory controller comprising: a write circuit to transmit a write-timing reference signal and write data, the write circuit including a phase-adjust input to control a phase of the write-timing reference signal; first and second signal pads coupled to the write circuit to respectively convey the write-timing reference signal and the write data to the memory device; a read circuit coupled the first and second signal pads to respectively receive a read-timing reference signal and read data from the memory device; and a phase comparator coupled to the first signal pad to receive the read-timing reference signal and to the phase-adjust input of the write circuit to control the phase of the write-timing reference signal responsive to the read-timing reference signal.
 2. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein the read circuit includes a second phase-adjust input to control a second phase for reading the read data, and wherein the phase comparator is coupled to the second phase-adjust input to control the second phase responsive to the read-timing reference signal.
 3. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein at least one of the write and read timing reference signals is a strobe signal.
 4. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein write circuit times the write data to the write-timing reference signal.
 5. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein the write circuit further comprises a skip circuit to retime the write data from a first clock domain to a second domain established by the write-timing reference signal.
 6. The memory controller of claim 5, wherein the read circuit further comprises a second skip circuit to retime the read data from a third domain established by the read-timing signal to the first clock domain.
 7. A memory system comprising: a memory device to store write data synchronized to a write-timing reference signal and to convey read data synchronized to a read-timing reference signal; and a memory controller coupled to the memory device to transmit the write data and the write-timing reference signal to the memory device and to receive the read data and the read-timing reference signal from the memory device; wherein the memory controller phase adjusts the write-timing reference signal responsive to the read-timing reference signal.
 8. The memory system of claim 7, wherein at least one of the write-timing and read-timing reference signals comprises a strobe.
 9. The memory system of claim 7, wherein the memory controller further includes a read circuit having a read-data terminal sampling the read data from the memory device, a clock terminal receiving a clock signal, and a delay circuit delaying the clock signal to provide a read reference signal for the sampling.
 10. The memory system of claim 9, wherein the memory controller further including a write circuit having a write-data terminal transmitting the write data to the memory device, a second clock terminal receiving the clock signal, and a second delay circuit delaying the second clock signal to provide a write reference signal for the transmitting.
 11. The memory system of claim 10, further comprising a phase comparator coupled to at least one of the first-mentioned and second delay circuits to adjust the respective read or write reference signal.
 12. A method for synchronizing data transfers between a memory controller and a memory device, the method comprising: issuing, from the memory controller to the memory device, write data and a write-timing reference signal of a write phase; receiving, at the memory controller from the memory device, read data and a read-timing reference signal of a read phase from the memory device; and adjusting the write phase in response to changes in the read phase.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising monitoring the read phase by comparing the read-timing reference signal to a reference clock signal.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising phase adjusting the reference clock signal in response to the changes in the read phase.
 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising issuing a write command to the memory device, synchronizing the write command to a reference clock signal at the memory device, and synchronizing the read-timing reference signal to the reference clock signal at the memory device.
 16. A memory system comprising: a memory controller having means for issuing write data and a write-timing reference signal and for receiving read data and a read-timing reference signal; a memory device having means for receiving the write data and the write-timing reference signal and for issuing the read data and the read-timing reference signal; wherein the memory controller further includes means for phase adjusting the write-timing reference signal responsive to phase changes in the read-timing reference signal.
 17. The memory system of claim 16, wherein the means for phase adjusting the write-timing reference signal comprises a phase comparator for comparing the read-timing reference signal to a reference clock signal.
 18. The memory system of claim 16, wherein at least one of the read-timing and write-timing reference signals is a strobe signal.
 19. A memory controller comprising: a phase comparator to issue a phase-adjustment signal responsive to phase differences between a read-timing reference signal and a phase reference signal; and a write circuit to receive the phase-adjustment signal, and to issue a write-timing reference signal and a write-data signal; wherein the write circuit adjusts the write-timing reference signal responsive to the phase adjustment signal.
 20. The memory controller of claim 19, wherein at least one of the read-timing and write-timing reference signals is a strobe signal. 